Fundamentals of English Grammar.   Betty Azar

                                         CONTENTS

     Preface to the Third Edition   ........................... ,....................................................................... xiii

      Acknowledgments   ................................................................................................................... xv

     Chapter!      PRESENT TIME

I-l      The simple present and the present progressive   ........................................................................ 4

1-2      Forms of the simple present and the present progressive.......................................................... 4

1-3      Frequency adverbs........................................................................................................................... 9

1-4      Final -s   ........................................................................................................................................... 12

1-5      Spelling of final -s/-es   .................................................................................................................. L3

1-6      Non-action verbs   ......................................................................................................................... 17

1-7      Present verbs: short answers to yes/no questions................................................................... 19

     Chapter 2     PAST TIME

2-1      Expressing past time: the simple past   ....................................................................................... 25

2-2      Forms of the simple past: regular verbs...................................................................................... 26

2-3      Forms of the simple past: be......................................................................................................... 26

2-4      Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings............................................................................. 28

2-5      Spelling oi-ing and -erfforms........................................................................................................ 29

2-6      The principal parts of a verb......................................................................................................... 32

2-7      Irregular verbs: a reference list   .................................................................................................. 33

2-8      The simple past and the past progressive   ............................................................................... 39

2-9      Forms of the past progressive...................................................................................................... 39

2-10   Expressing past time: using time clauses..................................................................................... 48

2-11    Expressing past habit: used to   ................................................................................................... 52

     Chapter 3     FUTURE TIME

3-1      Expressing future time: be going to and -will............................................................................ 56

3-2      Forms with be going to.................................................................................................................. 56

3-3      Forms with -will.............................................................................................................................. 59

3-4      Sureness about the future............................................................................................................. 60

3-5      Be going to vs. will........................................................................................................................ 63

3-6      Expressing the future in time clauses and ^/-clauses   ............................................................. 65

3-7      Using the present progressive to express future time.............................................................. 70

3-8      Using the simple present to express future time   ..................................................................... 73

3-9      Immediate future: using be about to   ......................................................................................... 74

3-10   Parallel verbs   ................................................................................................................................. 76

     Chapter 4     THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT

4-1      Past participle.................................................................................................................................. 84

4-2      Forms of the present perfect......................................................................................................... 85

4-3      iMeanings of the present perfect   .............................................................................................. 86

4-4      Simple past vs. present perfect   .................................................................................................. 87

4-5      Using since and/or.......................................................................................................................... 95

4-6      Present perfect progressive........................................................................................................... 98

4-7      Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect...................................................................... 100

4-8      Using already, yet, still, and anymore   .................................................................................. 102

4-9      Past perfect................................................................................................................................... 112

     Chapter 5     ASKING QUESTIONS

5-1      Yes/no questions and short answers....................................................................................... 121

5-2      Yes/no questions and information questions   ...................................................................... 123

5-3      Where, why, zuhen, and what time............................................................................................ 124

5-4      Questions with who, who(m), and what   ............................................................................... 125

5-5      Spoken and written contractions with question words......................................................... 128

5-6      Using what + a form of do  ........................................................................................................ 130

5-7      Using what kind of...................................................................................................................... 132

5-8      Using which   ............................................................................................................................... 133

5-9      Using whose  ............................................................................................................................... 135

5-10   Using how...................................................................................................................................... 138

5-11    Using how often  ......................................................................................................................... 139

5-12    Using how far............................................................................................................................... 140

5-13    Length of time: it + take and how long   ................................................................................ 141

5-14    More questions with how........................................................................................................... 143

5-15    Using how about and what about  .......................................................................................... 149

5-16    Tag questions.............................................................................................................................. 152

     Chapter 6     NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

6-1      Pronunciation of final -sl-es....................................................................................................... 157

6-2      Plural forms of nouns.................................................................................................................. 158

6-3      Subjects, verbs, and objects...................................................................................................... 159

6-4      Objects of prepositions.............................................................................................................. 161

6-5      Prepositions of time   .................................................................................................................. 163

6-6      Word order: place and time........................................................................................................ 164

6-7      Subject-verb agreement  ............................................................................................................ 165

6-8     Using adjectives to describe nouns  ........................................................................................ 166

6-9      Using nouns as adjectives......................................................................................................... 168

6-10   Personal pronouns: subjects and objects................................................................................. 171

6-11    Possessive nouns........................................................................................................................ 173

6-12    Possessive pronouns and adjectives....................................................................................... 176

6-13    Reflexive pronouns...................................................................................................................... 178

6-14    Singular forms of other: another vs. the other....................................................................... 181

6-15    Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s)   ................................................................... 183

6-16    Summary of forms of other......................................................................................................... 186

     Chapter 7     MODAL AUXILIARIES

7-1      The form of modal auxiliaries.................................................................................................... 190

7-2      Expressing ability: can and could............................................................................................ 191

7-3      Expressing possibility: may and might

Expressing permission: may and can...................................................................................... 193

7-4      Using could to express possibility.......................................................................................... 195

7-5      Polite questions: may 1, could I, can I   ................................................................................. 197

7-6      Polite questions: would you, could you, will you, can you   ............................................. 199

7-7      Expressing advice: should and ought to   .............................................................................. 202

7-8      Expressing advice: had better   ............................................................................................... 203

7-9      Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must   .............................................................. 206

7-10    Expressing lack of necessity: do not have to

Expressing prohibition: must not............................................................................................. 207

7-11    Making logical conclusions: must   ......................................................................................... 210

7-12    Giving instructions: imperative sentences   ........................................................................... 213

7-13    Making suggestions: let's and why don't............................................................................... 215

7-14    Stating preferences: prefer, like ... better, -would rather.................................................... 218

     Chapter 8     CONNECTING IDEAS

8-1      Connecting ideas with and....................................................................................................... 226

8-2      Connecting ideas with but and or   ......................................................................................... 228

8-3      Connecting ideas with so.......................................................................................................... 230

8-4      Using auxiliary verbs after but and and.................................................................................. 233

8-5      Using and + too, so, either, neither........................................................................................ 235

8-6      Connecting ideas with because   ............................................................................................. 239

8-7      Connecting ideas with even though!although   ................................................................... 241

     Chapter 9     COMPARISONS

9-1      Making comparisons with as ... as   ........................................................................................ 248

9-2      Comparative and superlative.................................................................................................... 252

9-3      Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs   ........................................ 253

9-4      Completing a comparative   ...................................................................................................... 257

9-5      Modifying comparatives........................................................................................................... 258

9-6      Comparisons with less ... than and not as ... as..................................................................... 259

9-7      Unclear comparisons   ............................................................................................................... 260

9-8      Using more with nouns............................................................................................................. 261

9-9      Repeating a comparative........................................................................................................... 262

9-10    Using double comparatives...................................................................................................... 263

9-11    Using superlatives...................................................................................................................... 265

9-12    Using the same, similar, different, like, alike........................................................................ 271

     Chapter 10   THE PASSIVE

10-1    Active sentences and passive sentences............................................................................... 276

10-2    Form of the passive   ................................................................................................................. 277

10-3    Transitive and intransitive verbs   .......................................................................................... 280

10-4    Using the 6y-phrase................................................................................................................... 282

10-5    The passive forms of the present and past progressive...................................................... 287

10-6   Passive modal auxiliaries............................................................................................................. 288

10-7    Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive)........................................................... 292

10-8    Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing............................................................................................. 297

10-9    Get + adjective; get + past participle...................................................................................... 300

10-10 Using be used/accustomed to and get used/accustomed to................................................. 303

10-11 Used to vs. be used to.................................................................................................................. 305

10-12 Using be supposed to.................................................................................................................. 307

     Chapter 11    COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES

11-1    A vs. an........................................................................................................................................ 312

11-2    Count and noncount nouns...................................................................................................... 313

11-3    Noncount nouns   ...................................................................................................................... 314

11-4    More noncount nouns   ............................................................................................................ 315

11-5    Using several, a lot of, many/much, and a few/a little......................................................... 318

11-6    Nouns that can be count or noncount.................................................................................... 322

11-7    Using units of measure with noncount nouns  ..................................................................... 324

11-8    Guidelines for article usage....................................................................................................... 326

11-9    Using the or 0 with names......................................................................................................... 338

11-10  Capitalization............................................................................................................................... 339

     Chapter 12   ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

12-1    Adjective clauses: introduction   ............................................................................................ 343

12-2    Using who and whom in adjective clauses............................................................................. 344

12-3    Using -who, u}ho(m), and that in adjective clauses   .......................................................... 347

12-4    Using -which and that in adjective clauses   ......................................................................... 348

12-5    Singular and plural verbs in adjective clauses   .................................................................... 354

12-6    Using prepositions in adjective clauses   .............................................................................. 355

12-7    Using whose in adjective clauses   ......................................................................................... 359

     Chapter 13   GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

13-1    Verb + gerund.............................................................................................................................. 368

13-2    Go + -ing....................................................................................................................................... 372

13-3   Verb + infinitive............................................................................................................................ 373

13-4   Verb + gerund or infinitive.......................................................................................................... 374

13-5    Preposition + gerund.................................................................................................................. 381

13-6   Using by and with to express how something is done........................................................... 384

13-7    Using gerunds as subjects; using it + infinitive.................................................................... 387

13-8    It + infinitive: using/or (someone)........................................................................................... 388

13-9    Expressing purpose with in order to and for.......................................................................... 391

13-J0 Using infinitives with too and enough..................................................................................... 394

     Chapter 14   NOUN CLAUSES

14-1    Noun clauses: introduction....................................................................................................... 403

14-2    Noun clauses that begin with a question word..................................................................... 404

14-3    Noun clauses with -who, what, -whose + be   ...................................................................... 407

14-4    Noun clauses that begin with if or whether........................................................................... 409