Basic English grammar.  Betty Azar

CONTENTS

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION........................................................................................ ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................. x

Chapter 1                                                                                                 USING BE AND HAVE

1-1          NOUN + IS + NOUN: SINGULAR........................................................................... 2

1-2          NOUN + ARE + NOUN: PLURAL........................................................................... 4

1-3           PRONOUN + BE + NOUN ..................................................................................... 6

1-4          CONTRACTIONS WITH BE.................................................................................... 7

1-5           NEGATIVE WITH BE.............................................................................................. 8

1-6          BE + ADJECTIVE................................................................................................... 10

1-7          BE + A LOCATION................................................................................................ 16

1-8           SUMMARY: SENTENCE PATTERNS WITH BE................................................... 20

1-9          YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH BE............................................................................ 21

1-10        QUESTIONS WITH BE: USING WHERE.............................................................. 24

1-11        USING HAVE AND HAS....................................................................................... 26

1-12        USING MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, THEIR....................................................... 27

1-13        USING THIS AND THAT....................................................................................... 30

1-14        USING THESE AND THOSE................................................................................ 31

1-15        ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WHAT AND WHO + BE........................................ 32

Chapter 2                                                                       EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART 1)

2-1           FORM AND BASIC MEANING OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE.................... 44

2-2                                      USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS: ALWA YS, USUALLY, OFTEN,

SOMETIMES, SELDOM, RARELY, NEVER......................................................... 46

2-3          USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS WITH BE.......................................................... 47

2-4          PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL-5;/Z/AND/S/.......................................................... 49

2-5          SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -ES............................................ 51

2-6          ADDING FINAL -S/-ES TO WORDS THAT END IN -Y......................................... 51

2-7          IRREGULAR SINGULAR VERBS: HAS, DOES, GOES........................................ 52

2-8          SUMMARY: SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF -S AND -ES...................... 54

2-9          THE SLMPLE PRESENT: NEGATIVE.................................................................... 57

2-10        THE SIMPLE PRESENT: YES/NO QUESTIONS........................................................ 61

2-11        THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS

WITH WHERE.......................................................................................................... 64

2-12        THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS

WITH WHEN AND WHAT TIME............................................................................. 66

2-13        SUMMARY: INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH BE AND DO.............................. 67

2-14        USING ITTO TALK ABOUT TIME............................................................................ 72

2-15        PREPOSITIONS OF TIME......................................................................................... 73

2-16        USING /ГТО TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER.......................................................... 74

Chapter 3    EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART 2)

3-1          BE + -/NG. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE.................................................. 84

3-2         SPELLING OF-/iVG.................................................................................................... 87

3-3          THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: QUESTIONS.......................................................... 89

3-4         THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.................................... 92

3-5         NONACTION VERBS NOT USED IN THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.................... 95

3-6         SEE, LOOK AT, WATCH, HEAR, AND LISTEN TO............................................... 97

3-7         NEED AND WANT + A NOUN OR AN INFINITIVE............................................... 98

3-8         WOULD LIKE ......................................................................................................... 100

3-9         WOULD LIKE vs. LIKE........................................................................................... 101

3-10        THINK ABOUT AND THINK THAT....................................................................... 102

3-11       THERE + BE........................................................................................................... 106

3-12        THERE + BE YES/NO QUESTIONS....................................................................... 107

3-13        THERE + BE: ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOW MANY.................................... 109

3-14        PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION............................................................................. Ill

Chapter 4    NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

4-1          NOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS....................................................................... 127

4-2         ADJECTIVE + NOUN.............................................................................................. 129

4-3         SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS.............................................. 131

4-4         NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL....................................................................... 134

4-5         NOUNS: IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS................................................................ 139

4-6         NOUNS: COUNT AND NONCOUNT...................................................................... 141

4-7         USING AN vs. A....................................................................................................... 143

4-8         USING A/AN vs. SOME........................................................................................... 144

4-9         MEASUREMENTS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS.................................................... 150

4-10        USING THE............................................................................................................. 156

4-11        USING 0 (NO ARTICLE) TO MAKE GENERALIZATIONS.................................... 160

4-12        USING SOME AND ANY........................................................................................ 161

4-13        INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: SOMETHING, SOMEONE,

ANYTHING, ANYONE........................................................................................... 163

4-14       INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: NOTHING AND NO ONE............................................ 164

Chapter 5                                                                                               EXPRESSING PAST TIME

5-1           USING BE: PAST TIME....................................................................................... 171

5-2          PAST OF BE: NEGATIVE.................................................................................... 172

5-3          PAST OF DH: QUESTIONS.................................................................................. 173

5-4          THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING -ED............................................................. 177

5-5          PAST TIME WORDS: YESTERDAУ, LAST, AND AGO..................................... 178

5-6          PRONUNCIATION OF -ED. /t/₃/d/, AND /3d/....................................................... 180

5-7          SPELLING OF-ED VERBS................................................................................... 183

5-8          SPELLING OF -ED AND -ING: TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS................................. 186

5-9          THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS.......................................................... 190

5-10        THE SIMPLE PAST: NEGATIVE.......................................................................... 192

5-11        THE SIMPLE PAST! YES/NO QUESTIONS......................................................... 194

5-12        MORE IRREGULAR VERBS................................................................................ 198

5-13                                            THE SIMPLE PAST: USING WHERE. WHEN, WHAT TIME,

AND WHY............................................................................................................ 203

5-14        QUESTIONS WITH WHAT.................................................................................. 206

5-15        QUESTIONS WITH WHO..................................................................................... 209

5-16        ASKING ABOUT THE MEANING OF A WORD................................................. 212

5-17        MORE IRREGULAR VERBS................................................................................ 213

5-18        BEFORE AND AFTER IN TIME CLAUSES........................................................ 216

5-19        WHEAT IN TIME CLAUSES................................................................................ 219

Chapter 6                                                                                         EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

6-1           FUTURE TIME: USING BE GOING TO............................................................... 231

6-2          WORDS DSED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME...................................... 235

6-3                                              USING A COUPLE OF OR A FEW WITH AGO (PAST) AND

IN (FUTURE)....................................................................................................... 238

6-4                                                         USING TODAY. TONIGHT, AND THIS + MORNING

AFTERNOON, EVENING, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR........................................... 239

6-5          FUTURE TIME: USING WILL.............................................................................. 242

6-6          ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WILL..................................................................... 243

6-7          VERB SUMMARY: PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE......................................... 245

6-8          VERB SUMMARY: FORMS OF BE..................................................................... 246

6-9          USING И7МГ+A FORM OF DO......................................................................... 251

6-10        MAY/MIGHT vs. WILL........................................................................................ 253

6-11         MAYBE (ONE WORD) vs. MAYBE (TWO WORDS)........................................... 255

6-12         FUTURE TIME CLAUSES WITH BEFORE. AFTER, AND WHEN................... 258

6-13        CLAUSES WITH IF............................................................................................. 260

6-14                                 EXPRESSING HABITUAL PRESENT WITH ТЬМЕ CLAUSES AND

/F-CLAUSES......................................................................................................... 263

6-15        MORE IRREGULAR VERBS................................................................................ 266

6-16        MORE IRREGULAR VERBS................................................................................ 270

Chapter 7                                                                                  EXPRESSING ABILITY

7-1          USING CAN........................................................................................................... 281

7-2          USING CAN: QUESTIONS................................................................................... 282

7-3          USING KNOW HOW TO...................................................................................... 284

7-4          USING COULD: PAST OF CAN.......................................................................... 285

7-5          USING VERY AND TOO + ADJECTIVE............................................................. 287

7-6          USING TOO MANY AND TOO MUCH + NOUN.............................................. 290

7-7          USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE......................................................... 293

7-8          USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + FOR (SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE.................... 294

7-9          USING ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH......................................................................... 295

7-10        USING ENOUGH + NOUN AND MORE + NOUN........................................... 297

7-11        USING ENOUGH + INFINITIVE........................................................................ 299

7-12        USING BE ABLE TO........................................................................................... 301

7-13        POLITE QUESTIONS: MAY I, COULD I, AND CAN I..................................... 302

7-14        POLITE QUESTIONS: COULD FOUAND WOULD YOU................................ 304

7-15        IMPERATIVE SENTENCES................................................................................. 307

7-16        USING TWO, TOO, AND TO.............................................................................. 310

7-17        MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS: AT AND IN FOR LOCATIONS.................... 311

7-18        MORE IRREGULAR VERBS................................................................................. 321

Chapter 8                                                        NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

8-1          MODIFYING NOUNS WITH ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS............................... 325

8-2         WORD ORDER OF ADJECTIVES........................................................................ 329

8-3         EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ALL OF, MOST OF, SOME OF................... 334

8-4          EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT..................... 336

8-5         EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ONE OF, NONE OF..................................... 337

8-6         USING EVERY..................................................................................................... 341

8-7         POSSESSrVE NOUNS.......................................................................................... 343

8-8         POSSESSIVE: IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS................................................... 345

8-9                                                  POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS,

OURS, THEIRS.................................................................................................... 347

8-10       QUESTIONS WITH WHOSE................................................................................ 351

8-11       SUMMARY: USES OF THE APOSTROPHE........................................................ 352

8-12       SUMMARY: USES OF NOUNS............................................................................ 355

8-13       CONNECTED NOUNS: NOUN + AND/OR + NOUN....................................... 357

8-14       SUMMARY: USES OF ADJECTIVES................................................................... 360

8-15       SUMMARY: PERSONAL PRONOUNS................................................................ 363

8-16       INDIRECT OBJECTS............................................................................................. 364

8-17       INDIRECT OBJECTS: USING FOR...................................................................... 367

8-18       INDIRECT OBJECTS WITH BUY, GET, MAKE................................................. 369

8-19       INDIRECT OBJECTS WITH EXPLAIN AND INTRODUCE............................ 370

8-20       MORE IRREGULAR VERBS................................................................................. 375