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Answers to All TOEFL Essay Questions. 

By: ToeflEssays.com - 470 c

ETS publishes its official list of TOEFL essay topics on its website. All essays assigned on the actual TOEFL test come from this list. This eBook contains 450 model essays of score 6 (1-6 scale). Each essay was written on one of the topics from the ETS official list. This eBook covers 100% of these topics. This eBook offers an intensive preparation for the Test of Written English (TWE) test. It can also be used to prepare for the writing and speaking sections of the new TOEFL test.

 

В книге сочинения по известным 185 темам, по некоторым по несколько - всего 450. См содержание ниже. Сами сочинения отличаются от сочинений на эти же темы в книге  TOEFL Writing (TWE) Topics and Model Essays. Я убрал страницы рекламы в конце, поэтому не 518, а 470 стр. Кроме того, для удобства я перевел ее из формата pdf в текстовой - doc.


 

 

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TOEFL Writing (TWE) Topics and Model Essays.

 


 

Table of Contents
Topic 1 Why go to university? 1
Topic 1 Why go to university? 2
Topic 1 Why go to university? 3
Topic 1 Why go to university? 4
Topic 2 Are parents best teachers? 5
Topic 2 Are parents best teachers? 6
Topic 2 Are parents best teachers? 7
Topic 2 Are parents best teachers? 8
Topic 2 Are parents best teachers? 9
Topic 2 Are parents best teachers? 10
Topic 3 Has the ease of cooking improved life? 11
Topic 3 Has the ease of cooking improved life? 12
Topic 3 Has the ease of cooking improved life? 13
Topic 4 Experience is the best teacher 14
Topic 4 Are books more important than experience? 15
Topic 4 Are books more important than experience? 16
Topic 4 Not everything that is learned is contained in books 17
Topic 4 Are books more important than experience? 18
Topic 4 Are books more important than experience? 19
Topic 4 Are books more important than experience? 20
Topic 5 Should a factory be built in your community? 21
Topic 5 Should a factory be built in your community? 22
Topic 5 Should a factory be built in your community? 23
Topic 6 What would you change about your hometown? 24
Topic 6 What would you change about your hometown? 25
Topic 6 What would you change about your hometown? 26
Topic 7 How do movies or TV affect people? 27
Topic 7 How do movies or TV affect people? 28
Topic 7 How do movies or TV affect people? 29
Topic 7 Movies influence people 30
Topic 7 How do movies or TV affect people? 31
Topic 8 Has TV destroyed communication? 32
Topic 8 Has TV destroyed communication? 33
Topic 8 Has TV destroyed communication? 34
Topic 8 Has TV destroyed communication? 35
Topic 8 Has TV destroyed communication? 36
Topic 8 Has TV destroyed communication? 37
Topic 8 Has TV destroyed communication? 38
Topic 8 Has TV destroyed communication? 39
Topic 9 A small town vs. a big city 40
Topic 9 A small town vs. a big city 41
Topic 9 A small town vs. a big city 42
Topic 9 A small town vs. a big city 43
Topic 9 Country and City 44
Topic 10 The importance of hard work 45
Topic 10 Luck and hard work 46
Topic 10 Does luck has anything to do with success? 47
Topic 11 Sports or library? 48
Topic 11 Sports or library? 49
Topic 11 Sports or library? 50
Topic 12 Why people go to museums? 51
Topic 12 Why people go to museums? 52
Topic 12 Why people go to museums? 53
Topic 13 Do you prefer to eat out or eat at home? 54
Topic 14 Should university students be required to attend classes? 55
Topic 14 Should university students be required to attend classes? 56
Topic 14 Should university students be required to attend classes? 57
Topic 15 What are the qualities of a good neighbor? 58
Topic 15 What are the qualities of a good neighbor? 59
Topic 15 What are the qualities of a good neighbor? 60
Topic 15 What are the qualities of a good neighbor? 61
Topic 15 Qualities of a good neighbor 62
Topic 16 Should a new restaurant be built in your neighborhood? 63
Topic 16 Should a new restaurant be built in your neighborhood? 64
Topic 17 Do you learn better by yourself or with a teacher? 65
Topic 17 Do you learn better by yourself or with a teacher? 66
Topic 18 Important qualities of a good supervisor 67
Topic 18 Important qualities of a good supervisor 68
Topic 19 Highways or public transportation? 69
Topic 19 Highways or public transportation? 70
Topic 20 Should children grow up in the countryside or in a city? 71
Topic 20 Should children grow up in the countryside or in a city? 72
Topic 20 Should children grow up in the countryside or in a city? 73
Topic 20 Should children grow up in the countryside or in a city? 74
Topic 21 Why are people living longer? 75
Topic 21 Why are people living longer? 76
Topic 22 Important qualities of a co-worker 77
Topic 23 Should teenagers work while they are students? 78
Topic 24 The advantages about living in my city 79
Topic 25 Does the neighborhood need a new shopping center? 80
Topic 26 Should a new movie theater be built in your neighborhood? 81
Topic 26 Should a new movie theater be built in your neighborhood? 82
Topic 27 Should people do things that they do not like? 83
Topic 27 Should people do things that they do not like? 84
Topic 28 Has the media paid too much attention to celebrities? 85
Topic 28 Has the media paid too much attention to celebrities? 86
Topic 28 Has the media paid too much attention to celebrities? 87
Topic 29 Has human harmed the Earth or made it a better place? 88
Topic 29 Has human harmed the Earth or made it a better place? 89
Topic 29 Has human harmed the Earth or made it a better place? 90
Topic 29 Has human harmed the Earth or made it a better place? 91
Topic 29 Has human harmed the Earth or made it a better place? 92
Topic 30 Should a high school be built in your community? 93
Topic 30 Should a high school be built in your community? 94
Topic 31 Do you prefer to stay at one place or move around? 95
Topic 31 Moving vs. staying at one place 96
Topic 31 Is it better to move around than to stay in one place? 97
Topic 32 Do you spend money or save them? 98
Topic 32 Do you spend money or save them? 99
Topic 33 A piece of jewelry vs. a concert 100
Topic 33 A piece of jewelry vs. a concert 101
Topic 33 A piece of jewelry vs. a concert 102
Topic 34 Should business hire employees for their entire lives? 103
Topic 34 Should business hire employees for their entire lives? 104
Topic 34 Should business hire employees for their entire lives? 105
Topic 35 A live performance vs. television broadcast 106
Topic 35 A live performance vs. television broadcast 107
Topic 35 A live performance vs. television broadcast 108
Topic 36 Which transportation vehicle has changed people's lives? 109
Topic 36 Which transportation vehicle has changed people's lives? 110
Topic 37 Is progress always good? 111
Topic 37 Is progress always good? 112
Topic 38 Is learning about the past useful? 113
Topic 38 Is learning about the past useful? 114
Topic 39 Can new technologies help students? 115
Topic 39 Can new technologies help students? 116
Topic 40 Never, never give up 117
Topic 40 Never, never give up 118
Topic 40 Never, never give up 119
Topic 41 Should we save land for endangered animals? 120
Topic 41 Should we save land for endangered animals? 121
Topic 42 What is a very important skill a person should learn? 122
Topic 42 What is a very important skill a person should learn? 123
Topic 42 What is a very important skill a person should learn? 124
Topic 42 What is a very important skill a person should learn? 125
Topic 42 What is a very important skill a person should learn? 126
Topic 43 Why are people attracted to a dangerous sport? 127
Topic 43 Why are people attracted to a dangerous sport? 128
Topic 44 Travel with a companion vs. travel alone 129
Topic 44 Travel with a companion vs. travel alone 130
Topic 45 Getting up early vs. staying up late 131
Topic 45 Getting up early vs. staying up late 132
Topic 45 Getting up early vs. staying up late 133
Topic 46 Important qualities of a good son or daughter 134
Topic 46 Important qualities of a good son or daughter 135
Topic 46 Important qualities of a good son or daughter 136
Topic 47 A large company vs. a small company 137
Topic 47 A large company vs. a small company 138
Topic 48 Why people work? 139
Topic 48 Why people work? 140
Topic 48 Reasons for work 141
Topic 49 Face-to-face communication vs. emails or phone calls 142
Topic 49 Face-to-face communication vs. emails or phone calls 143
Topic 49 Face-to-face communication vs. emails or phone calls 144
Topic 50 Doing same things vs. trying new things 145
Topic 50 Doing same things vs. trying new things 146
Topic 50 Doing same things vs. trying new things 147
Topic 50 Doing same things vs. trying new things 148
Topic 51 Taking risks vs. planning 149
Topic 51 Taking risks vs. planning 150
Topic 51 Taking risks vs. planning 151
Topic 51 Careful planning 152
Topic 52 What change would make to your hometown? 153
Topic 52 What change would make to your hometown? 154
Topic 53 Is money the most important aspect of a job? 155
Topic 53 Is money the most important aspect of a job? 156
Topic 54 Should one judge a person by external appearances? 157
Topic 54 Appearance 158
Topic 55 Should one make an important decision alone? 159
Topic 55 Decision 160
Topic 56 Arts or environment? 161
Topic 56 Arts or environment? 162
Topic 56 Arts or environment? 163
Topic 57 Serious movies vs. entertaining movies 164
Topic 57 Serious movies vs. entertaining movies 165
Topic 57 Serious movies vs. entertaining movies. 166
Topic 58 Can business do anything they want to make a profit? 167
Topic 58 Can business do anything they want to make a profit? 168
Topic 58 Can business do anything they want to make a profit? 169
Topic 59 What's your hurry? 170
Topic 59 Get things done 171
Topic 60 Are games important to adults? 172
Topic 60 Are games important to adults? 173
Topic 60 Are games important to adults? 174
Topic 60 Are games important to adults? 175
Topic 60 Are games important to adults? 176
Topic 61 Should parents make decisions for their teenage children? 177
Topic 61 Should parents make decisions for their teenage children? 178
Topic 62 What do you want most in a friend? 179
Topic 62 What do you want most in a friend? 180
Topic 62 What do you want most in a friend? 18
Topic 62 Friends 182
Topic 63 Are difficult experiences valuable lessons for the future? 18
Topic 63 Are difficult experiences valuable lessons for the future? 184
Topic 63 Are difficult experiences valuable lessons for the future? 185
Topic 64 Self-employed vs. employed 186
Topic 64 Self-employed vs. employed 187
Topic 64 Self-employed vs. employed 188
Topic 65 Should a city preserve or destroy its historic buildings? 189
Topic 65 Should a city preserve or destroy its historic buildings? 190
Topic 65 Should a city preserve or destroy its historic buildings? 19
Topic 66 Are classmates a more important influence to a child? 192
Topic 66 Are classmates a more important influence to a child? 19
Topic 67 Inexperienced, cheap workers or experienced workers? 194
Topic 67 Inexperienced, cheap workers or experienced workers? 195
Topic 68 Is daily homework necessary? 196
Topic 68 Is daily homework necessary? 197
Topic 68 Is daily homework necessary? 198
Topic 69 What subject will you study? 199
Topic 69 What subject will you study? 200
Topic 69 What subject will you study? 20
Topic 70 Have automobiles improved modern life? 202
Topic 70 Have automobiles improved modern life? 20
Topic 70 Have automobiles improved modern life? 204
Topic 70 Have automobiles improved modern life? 205
Topic 70 Have automobiles improved modern life? 206
Topic 71 A high-paying job vs. quality spare time 207
Topic 71 A high-paying job vs. quality spare time 208
Topic 72 Does grades encourage students to learn? 209
Topic 72 Does grades encourage students to learn? 210
Topic 72 Does grades encourage students to learn? 21
Topic 72 Does grades encourage students to learn? 212
Topic 73 Has computer made life easier? 21
Topic 74 Is it better to travel with a tour guide? 214
Topic 74 Is it better to travel with a tour guide? 215
Topic 74 Is it better to travel with a tour guide? 216
Topic 74 Is it better to travel with a tour guide? 217
Topic 74 I prefer traveling alone 218
Topic 75 Multiple subjects vs. one subject 219
Topic 75 Multiple subjects vs. one subject 220
Topic 76 Should children start learning a foreign language early? 22
Topic 76 Should children start learning a foreign language early? 222
Topic 77 Should boys and girls go to separate schools? 22
Topic 77 Should boys and girls go to separate schools? 224
Topic 78 Teamwork vs. working independently 225
Topic 78 Teamwork vs. working independently 226
Topic 79 Who would you choose to build a statue for? 227
Topic 80 Describe a custom from your country 228
Topic 81 Has technology made the world a better place to live? 229
Topic 81 Has technology made the world a better place to live? 230
Topic 81 Has technology made the world a better place to live? 231
Topic 81 Has technology made the world a better place to live? 232
Topic 81 Has technology made the world a better place to live? 233
Topic 81 Has technology made the world a better place to live? 234
Topic 82 Can advertising tell about a country? 235
Topic 82 Can advertising tell about a country? 236
Topic 83 Is modern technology creating a single world culture? 237
Topic 83 Is modern technology creating a single world culture? 238
Topic 84 Has the Internet provided a lot of valuable information? 239
Topic 84 The Internet 240
Topic 85 A one-day-visit to your country 241
Topic 86 A time and a place in the past 242
Topic 86 A time and a place in the past 243
Topic 86 A time and a place in the past 244
Topic 86 A time and a place in the past 245
Topic 86 A time and a place in the past 246
Topic 86 Visiting modern times 247
Topic 87 What is an important discovery in the last 100 years? 248
Topic 87 What is an important discovery in the last 100 years? 249
Topic 88 Has telephone made communication less personal? 250
Topic 89 What person in history you would like to meet? 251
Topic 89 What person in history you would like to meet? 252
Topic 89 What person in history you would like to meet? 253
Topic 90 What famous entertainer or athlete you would like to meet? 254
Topic 90 What famous entertainer or athlete you would like to meet? 255
Topic 90 What famous entertainer or athlete you would like to meet? 256
Topic 91 What question you will ask a famous person? 257
Topic 92 Dynamic weather 258
Topic 92 One-season or four-season climate 259
Topic 92 One-season or four-season climate 260
Topic 93 What are important qualities of a good roommate? 261
Topic 93 What are important qualities of a good roommate? 262
Topic 94 Does dancing play an important role in a culture? 263
Topic 94 Does dancing play an important role in a culture? 264
Topic 94 Does dancing play an important role in a culture? 265
Topic 95 Should government spend money exploring outer space? 266
Topic 95 Should government spend money exploring outer space? 267
Topic 96 The best way of reducing stress 268
Topic 97 Teachers' pay 269
Topic 98 What would you choose to represent your country? 270
Topic 99 Would you rather choose your own roommate? 271
Topic 100 Computer technology or basic needs? 272
Topic 100 Computer technology or basic needs? 273
Topic 101 Doing work by hand vs. by machine 274
Topic 102 Should students evaluate their teachers? 275
Topic 103 What characteristic makes people successful? 276
Topic 103 What characteristic makes people successful? 277
Topic 104 Contributions of artists vs. scientists 278
Topic 104 Contributions of artists vs. scientists 279
Topic 105 University housing vs. apartment 280
Topic 105 University housing vs. apartment 281
Topic 105 University housing vs. apartment 282
Topic 106 Means of transportation 283
Topic 106 Means of transportation 284
Topic 107 Should higher education be available to all? 285
Topic 107 Should higher education be available to all? 286
Topic 108 The best way of learning 287
Topic 108 The best way of learning 288
Topic 109 Follow the customs of the new country 289
Topic 110 Being alone vs. with friends 290
Topic 110 Being alone vs. with friends 291
Topic 110 Life without friends? 292
Topic 111 Spend time with one or two friends, or many friends? 293
Topic 112 How should children spend their time? 294
Topic 112 How should children spend their time? 295
Topic 113 A new university in the community 296
Topic 114 Who influence more, family or friends? 297
Topic 115 Making plans for free time 298
Topic 115 Making plans for free time 299
Topic 115 Making plans for free time 300
Topic 116 Which methods of learning are best for you? 301
Topic 116 Which methods of learning are best for you? 302
Topic 117 Different friends or similar friends? 303
Topic 118 New experiences vs. usual habits 304
Topic 119 Do clothes make a man? 305
Topic 119 Do clothes make a man? 306
Topic 120 Are quick decisions always wrong? 307
Topic 120 Pride and Prejudice 308
Topic 121 Can we trust first impressions? 309
Topic 121 Are first impressions trustworthy? 310
Topic 122 Unleash your desires! 311
Topic 122 Should people satisfy with what they have? 312
Topic 122 Should people satisfy with what they have? 313
Topic 123 Non-fictions vs. fictions 314
Topic 124 Social science vs. natural science 315
Topic 125 Should art and music be compulsory subjects? 316
Topic 125 Should art and music be compulsory subjects? 317
Topic 125 Should art and music be compulsory subjects? 318
Topic 126 Can young people teach older people? 319
Topic 126 Can young people teach older people? 320
Topic 126 Can young people teach older people? 321
Topic 126 Can young people teach older people? 322
Topic 127 Reading fiction vs. watching movies 323
Topic 128 Physical exercise vs. academic study 324
Topic 129 Business research vs. agricultural research 325
Topic 129 Business research vs. agricultural research 326
Topic 129 Business research vs. agricultural research 327
Topic 130 Should children spend much time on sports? 328
Topic 130 Sports - success all the way 329
Topic 131 Money and success 330
Topic 131 Money and success 331
Topic 132 What new product would you develop? 332
Topic 132 What new product would you develop? 333
Topic 132 What new product would you develop? 334
Topic 133 Are childhood years most important in one's life? 335
Topic 133 Are childhood years most important in one's life? 336
Topic 134 Should children be required with household tasks? 337
Topic 134 Should children be required with household tasks? 338
Topic 135 Should high school students wear uniforms? 339
Topic 135 Should high school students wear uniforms? 340
Topic 135 Should high school students wear uniforms? 341
Topic 135 Should high school students wear uniforms? 342
Topic 136 Is winning the most important aspect of playing a game? 343
Topic 136 Is winning the most important aspect of playing a game? 344
Topic 136 Is winning the most important aspect of playing a game? 345
Topic 137 Should high schools allow students to choose subjects? 346
Topic 138 Member vs. leader 347
Topic 138 Member vs. leader 348
Topic 138 Member vs. leader 349
Topic 138 Member vs. leader 350
Topic 138 Member vs. leader 351
Topic 139 What is the most important room in a house? 352
Topic 139 What is the most important room in a house? 353
Topic 140 Hand vs. machine 354
Topic 140 Hand vs. machine 355
Topic 140 Hand vs. machine 356
Topic 140 Hand vs. machine 357
Topic 141 What do you want to change about your school? 358
Topic 142 What gift would you give to help a child develop? 359
Topic 142 What gift would you give to help a child develop? 360
Topic 142 What gift would you give to help a child develop? 361
Topic 143 A long vacation vs. several short vacations 362
Topic 143 A long vacation vs. several short vacations 363
Topic 144 A traditional house vs. a modern apartment 364
Topic 144 A traditional house vs. a modern apartment 365
Topic 145 The role of advertisements 366
Topic 145 Advertising 367
Topic 146 Outdoors vs. indoors 368
Topic 146 Outdoors vs. indoors 369
Topic 147 How should your school spend a gift of money? 370
Topic 148 Does playing games teach us about life? 371
Topic 149 How would you use a free gift of land? 372
Topic 149 How would you use a free gift of land? 373
Topic 149 How would you use a free gift of land? 374
Topic 150 Is watching TV bad for children? 375
Topic 150 Is watching TV bad for children? 376
Topic 150 Is watching TV bad for children? 377
Topic 150 Is watching TV bad for children? 378
Topic 151 What is the most important animal in your homeland? 379
Topic 152 Why should forest be saved? 380
Topic 152 Why should forest be saved? 381
Topic 152 Why should forest be saved? 382
Topic 153 Is a zoo useful? 383
Topic 154 Is it right to ban smoking? 384
Topic 154 Is it right to ban smoking? 385
Topic 155 What plant is important to the people in your country? 386
Topic 156 Which country would you like to visit? 387
Topic 157 Computers vs. traditional schools 388
Topic 157 Computers vs. traditional schools 389
Topic 158 Are celebrities opinions right? 390
Topic 158 Are celebrities opinions right? 391
Topic 159 What change should be remembered? 392
Topic 159 What change should be remembered? 393
Topic 160 Complain in writing vs. complain in person 394
Topic 161 Why people remember their gifts? 395
Topic 162 Do starts deserve high salary? 396
Topic 163 The importance of reading and writing 397
Topic 164 What do you do for good health? 398
Topic 165 What is one thing to improve your community? 399
Topic 166 What events make a person an adult? 400
Topic 166 What events make a person an adult? 401
Topic 166 What events make a person an adult? 402
Topic 167 Should the school purchase computers or books? 403
Topic 168 Why study abroad? 404
Topic 168 Why study abroad? 405
Topic 169 Why is music important to many people? 406
Topic 169 Why is music important to many people? 407
Topic 169 Why is music important to many people? 408
Topic 170 Why are groups or organizations important to people? 409
Topic 169 Melodic Memories 410
Topic 171 What one thing would you take for a trip? 411
Topic 171 What one thing would you take for a trip? 412
Topic 171 What one thing would you take for a trip? 413
Topic 171 A picture 414
Topic 172 How can schools help new students with their problems? 415
Topic 173 Does borrowing money from friends harm friendship? 416
Topic 173 To borrow or not to borrow 417
Topic 173 Money and friendship 418
Topic 174 How is your generation different from your parents'? 419
Topic 175 Should students do some of the talking on classes? 420
Topic 176 What holiday would you create? 421
Topic 176 What holiday would you create? 422
Topic 177 Island Hopping or Road Rage? 423
Topic 177 A vacation or a car? 424
Topic 177 A vacation or a car? 425
Topic 178 What changes will the 21 st century bring? 426
Topic 178 What changes will the 21 st century bring? 427
Topic 178 What changes will the 21 st century bring? 428
Topic 179 What are qualities of a good parent? 429
Topic 180 Why movies are so popular? 430
Topic 181 Should lands be developed? 431
Topic 182 Is human relationship with pets useful? 432
Topic 182 Is human relationship with pets useful? 433
Topic 182 Is human relationship with pets useful? 434
Topic 182 Is human relationship with pets useful? 435
Topic 182 Is human relationship with pets useful? 436
Topic 183 What have you learned about a country from its movies? 437
Topic 183 What have you learned about a country from its movies? 438
Topic 183 What have you learned about a country from its movies? 439
Topic 183 What have you learned about a country from its movies? 440
Topic 183 What have you learned about a country from its movies? 441
Topic 184 Self-study vs. group study 442
Topic 184 Individual learning vs. group learning 443
Topic 184 Individual learning vs. group learning 444
Topic 184 Individual learning vs. group learning 445
Topic 185 A house or a business? 446
Topic 185 A house or a business? 447
Topic 185 A house or a business? 448
Topic 185 A house or a business? 449
Topic 185 A house or a business? 450

 


О том, как читать книги в форматах pdf, djvu - см. раздел "Программы; архиваторы; форматы pdf, djvu и др."


 

 

 

 

Темы:

 1 Учебные сайты

 2 Textbooks in Russian

 3 Textbooks in English

Фонетика, грамматика

 4 Фонетика

 5 Грамматика

 6 Разговорный язык

Учащимся

 7 Экзамены

 8 Топики

 9 ГДЗ - англ. яз.

10 Словари и переводчики

11 Англ. для детей

12 Деловой английский

Практика

13 Аудио материалы

14 Книги, тексты 

15 Сценарии, перев.

16 Тексты песен

17 СМИ - новости

18 Развлечения

Французский яз.

Испанский язык

Немецкий язык

Другие языки

Учебные материалы и тематические ссылки по всем предметам и многое другое.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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