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Russian education
system was originally inherited from the Soviet Union without
any significant changes. In the Soviet Union, education of all
levels was free for anybody who could pass entrance exams;
students were provided with small scholarships and free housing.
It has produced nearly 100 % literacy. In the Soviet Union
institutions were funded entirely from the federal and regional
budgets. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, institutions
found themselves unable to provide adequate teachers' salaries,
students9 scholarships, and to maintain their facilities. Many
state institutions started to open commercial positions. The
number of those positions has been growing steadily since then.
Many private higher education institutions have emerged, too. In
2004, 35 % of all first-year students were paying for their own
education in state institutions and 20 % were enrolled in
private universities.
Education in
Russia may be arranged into three major groups: secondary
education, higher education, and postgraduate education.
Secondary education in Russia usually takes eleven years to
complete. After graduation from the 9th grade, which is
compulsory, a pupil obtains a Certificate of Incomplete
Secondary Education. After that a pupil has can either continue
education for two more years at the secondary school, or to go
to a Community College.
The latter
variant usually takes three to four years to complete and
provides a pupil with qualification sufficient for most
blue-collar jobs.
After obtaining a
Certificate of Complete Secondary Education a student can enter
a University or a Community College. Nowadays, the country has
685 governmental higher education institutions and 619
nongovernmental higher education establishments (1,162 of which
are state-accredited). In 2003—2004, the total number of
students of higher education institutions was 5,947,500.
There are three
different degrees that are conferred by Russian universities:
Bachelor's Degree (4 years), Specialist's Degree (5—6 years),
and Master's Degree (6 years). Bachelor's degrees were
introduced relatively recently and are not offered by many
six-year institutions. After obtaining a Specialist's or
Master's Degree, a student may pursue postgraduate education.
The first level of postgraduate education is aspirantura that
usually results in the Candidate of Sciences Degree, roughly
equivalent to the Ph. D. in the United States. The second stage
would result in the Doctor's Degree. A Candidate of Sciences
Degree may be accompanied by honourary degree of assistant
professor and a Doctor's Degree may be accompanied by honourary
degree of professor.
Translate the
following sentences into English.
1. Образовательная система России была унаследована от
Советского Союза. Определенное время образование было бесплатным
для любого, кто проходил вступительные экзамены, студенты
обеспечивались небольшими стипендиями и бесплатным жильем.
2. В Советском Союзе вузы финансировались полностью из
федерального и регионального бюджетов, в постсоветской России
многие институты не смогли обеспечивать достойные зарплаты
преподавателям и стипендии студентам и стали предлагать
(открывать) платные места.
3. Появилось много частных вузов, которые были аккредитованы
государством, в них учится около 20 % студентов.
4. Среднее образование в России обязательно до 9 класса
включительно, после чего ученик получает сертификат о неполном
среднем образовании.
5. Университеты России присваивают следующие степени: степень
бакалавра, степень кандидата и степень магистра.
6. Выпускники могут продолжить образование после окончания вуза,
в результате которого они могут получить степень кандидата наук
или доктора наук.
7. Степени кандидата наук и доктора наук могут сопровождаться
почетными званиями, соответственно, доцента и профессора.
1. Russia's
educational system was originally inherited from the Soviet
Union. For some time education was free for anyone who passed
entrance exams, students were provided with small scholarships
and free housing.
2. In the Soviet Union institutions were funded entirely from
the federal and regional budgets, in post-soviet Russia many
institutions were unable to provide adequate teachers' salaries
and students' scholarships and started to offer (to open)
commercial positions.
3. Many private institutions have emerged and are
state-accredited, and about 20 per cent of students are enrolled
in them.
4. Secondary education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9th
grade inclusive, after that a pupil obtains a Certificate of
Incomplete Secondary Education.
5. The degrees conferred by Russian universities are as follows:
Bachelor's Degree, Specialist's Degree and Master's Degree.
6. Graduates may pursue postgraduate education which may result
in the Candidate of Sciences Degree or the Doctor's Degree.
7. The Candidate's of Sciences Degree and the Doctor's Degree
may be accompanied by the honourary degrees of assistant
professor and professor correspondingly.
Из пособия "ЕГЭ. Английский язык.
Устные темы" Занина Е.Л. (2010, 272с.) - Part
two.
Additional topics.
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